16

Income Tax

16TH AMENDMENT

Congress can levy income tax - funds regulation, cuts tariff reliance.

17

Direct Election

17TH AMENDMENT

Senators elected by voters, not legislatures - breaks party machines.

18

Prohibition

18TH AMENDMENT

Banned alcohol. Only amendment ever repealed (21st). Reform overreach case study.

19

Women's Suffrage

19TH AMENDMENT

Sex cannot deny the vote - yet Jim Crow blocked many until 1965.

Evidence & Sources

  1. Sinclair, The Jungle Ch.14 (1906) - Gutenberg
  2. National Archives: 16th–19th Amendments - archives.gov
  3. Wells, Southern Horrors (1892) / Red Record (1895) - Gutenberg
  4. Du Bois, Souls of Black Folk Ch.3 (1903) - Gutenberg
  • Library of Congress Progressive Era - loc.gov
  • NPS Woman Suffrage 1913 Procession - nps.gov
  • NAACP History - naacp.org • Constitution Annotated